Here I am writting my observations about our expanding Universe. if it helps anybody I will be glad................
Mass and
origin of Mass
Energy is the
fundamental building blocks of our Universe. Mass is also formed from quanta
Energy. We are having the very famous equation m = E/c2. This equation states
that total energy of a system is equal to mass and the product of the square of
the constant (speed of light). This equation tells us the amount of Energy
stored in an object at inertia. Here the constant (c) we can say as energy transformation
constant. So if a system is having X amount of energy and Y amount of mass in
it then the system will be balanced. Or we can say that, to obtain stability to
a system it needs X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass in it. All we know if
a system loses any amount of energy it will lose some amount of mass also. So
the system keep always X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass together to
maintain the stability. Here total energy of the system is mc2 and is equal to
X amount of Energy and Y amount of Mass. So the amount of Energy in the mass we
can say X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass are equal to mc2. And the
equation we can write
X amount of
Energy * Y amount of mass = mc2. Because mass is also Energy.
Here we are clear about
the mass of a body at Inertia. But unfortunately it is not clear in the
equation that what amount of Energy transform as mass. According to me
everything in the universe is made with Energy. So I will say some amount of
quanta of Energy is transforming as mass when any amount of quanta of Energy is
formed as an elementary particle. According to me each quantum of energy can
create mass. Each quantum of energy can add mass to any physical object when it
is absorbed by the physical object. We are having several examples for this.
When we are heating water the water molecules absorb thermal energy from the
heat and the mass of the hot water varies than that of the previous stage of
the same water. Also mass of a moving body will increase according to the
Kinetic Energy of the moving body. So it is clear that energy can add mass to a
physical object (Matter). And all we knows that the matter are the another form
of Energy. Now days we are having the equation which shows us the conserved
amount of mass and energy at inertial state only. We have to create an equation
to describe the amount of quanta of energy transforming when it is converting
as matter (Particle).
Total Energy of a Moving
System
According to laws
of conservation of Energy and momentum for an object at rest the momentum and
energy are conserved. Once I was reading the articles about work and kinetic
energy I was confused about something. I would like to share this to you. A
work is said to be done when an object at rest gets motion and the general
equation for work is W = Fd. Here
W is work, F is applied force by the Energy source and d is the displacement
happening to the object at rest. So the work is done by the energy source. If I
throw a ball then I am doing the work and I will be the source of that energy.
If there is no external force acting on that body there will no any done on
that system. So I will remain as the source of energy and the one who done the
work on that system.
Once I am
doing a work I am using some energy to do the work or apply some force on the
system. The force gives the system a displacement d and the work we can measure
as Force * displacement. When I read the article about kinetic energy I noticed
that force * displacement is equal to kinetic energy of the system. This made
me confused. As all we know that a body at rest or in motion will gain kinetic
energy when an external force is acting on it. So we can say a body will obtain
kinetic energy when a work does in it by an external energy and the general
equation for kinetic energy is ½ mv2. According to me kinetic energy
is equal to work when it is doing a work. Because if I throw a ball (B1), I was
done the work and the ball gets kinetic energy. The work done by me is not
equal to the kinetic energy of the ball (B1). If the ball (B1) hits to another
ball (B2) and it gets motion. Then the kinetic energy of the ball (B1) will be
equal to the work done by the ball (B1). And the kinetic energy of the ball
(B2) will not equal to the work done by the ball (B1). But the rest energy will
be conserved in the ball (B2).
Once I throw the
ball (B1) the energy which I use to throw the ball is equal to the work done by
me on the ball (B1). But the total amount of energy which I use to throw the
ball will not act as kinetic energy because matter (Mass) can absorb or emit
energy. So once I apply energy on a mass it will absorb some amount of energy
in it or we can say that some amount of energy will be added to the mass. The
rest will be act as the objects kinetic energy. So the total energy of the
system will be the sum of the energy of the system at rest and the work done by
the source. The energy added to the mass will be the difference between the work
done by the source and kinetic energy of the system. So once energy is adding
to the system its mass will increase because each quantum of energy can add
mass on a system.
If any external
force act on the moving object and its kinetic is decreasing due to that
external force, the moving body will lose the added energy in it also. If any
other system absorb some amount of energy from the moving system will only
reduce the kinetic energy of the moving system. If a system (C) absorbs energy
from the moving ball (B1), the system (C) will gain some amount of kinetic
energy and some amount of added energy to the mass, from the system (B1). Then
the work done by the system (C) will be equal to the sum of the amount of
absorbed kinetic energy from the system (B1) and the amount of absorbed energy
from the added mass from the system (B1).
If I throw the ball (B1) with mass
(m) and it travels at distance (d) with the time (t). Now we will see
transformation of energy from me to the ball (B1).
Velocity of the ball (v) = d/t
Momentum of the ball (P) = mv
Applied Force (F) = m (v/t) = ma = P/t
Kinetic Energy of the ball (Ke) = ½ mv2
= ½ Pv
Work done by the source (W) = Fd = Pd/t = Pv
According to this statement we can see kinetic
energy of the ball (B1) as the half of the work done by the source and work as
the product of momentum gain by the ball (B1) and its velocity. So here we can
say the relativistic energy of the system will be the sum of the energy of the
object at rest and the work done by the source.
Erel = mc2 + W (done by
the source)
Gravity
Gravity is the
quantization of an energy itself to interact with another forms of energy (even
massless particles can show gravity). Gravity will create a potential field
itself. Due to gravity an object will obtain potential energy. Once an object
falls into the gravitational field the stored potential energy of the object by
gravity, is converting as Kinetic Energy. Once gravitational field always remains
as a self-quantized field of all stored energies in the system, the system of energy
must have to maintain its gravitational potential field as the same according
to the quanta of energy stored in it. Once a body obtains kinetic energy by the
gravitational potential, work done by gravity will convert the kinetic energy as
gravitational potential. For example potential energy of an object at 5 meter
height and when it is at 2 meter height are different. The difference between
these two Potential Energies will be restored into the quantized gravitational
potential field. So the quanta of gravitational potential will remain conserved
always (according to the amount of energy stored in the system). By this reason
the gravitational bonding between two objects remain much weaker. Eg. If a
stone fall to earth’s gravitational field from a height and reach to the surface
of earth. The kinetic energy which it has when it fall will be restore into the
gravitational potential field and the mass will be rest in the surface of earth
with conserved energy of the object. So gravity will keep the received mass at
the surface of earth and the gravitational potential will restore into the
field. So the quantized field always remains constant and the interaction
between particles remains weak. The same reason we can say elements which are
having low atomic masses are usually staying in the atmosphere.
Earth is
accelerating a freely falling object at the same acceleration rate but same
like the object falls into the earth’s gravitational field will also accelerate
according to its gravity. Because the falling objects are also have their own
gravitation and a quantized gravitational field. If a small object ( according
to the mass of Earth) is falling into the earth’s gravitational field the
observer from the earth may not feel the rate of acceleration which adds the
gravity of the falling object because the mass of the falling object is so
small when the observer compare with the mass of earth. And the rate of
acceleration producing the falling object is that much small to measure because
gravity of the small object which falls will produce that much small amount of
attraction force. If two sufficiently equal masses attracting each other in the
space due to gravitational force the rate of acceleration will be g1+g2. The
gravitational attraction (acceleration) between two sufficiently equal mass in
the space is the best example for the quantized field of gravity.
Inertial gravitational
frame of universe
Universe we
can say as an inertial gravitational frame. All the objects in the universe are in a
uniform gravitational field. So whatever particles present in the universe are
under the influence of a gravitational field which created by the system. All
the particles either microscopic or macroscopic are contributing their
gravitational force to create an inertial gravitational fielded universe. So
all the particles in the universe are gravitationally bound state inside the
universe. The Universe is uniformly moving and all the particles inside the
Universe are at inertia (inertial motion) if there is no external force acting
on it. Like an observer travelling in a bus, the bus is in motion and the
observer at inertial motion.
Time
Time we can categories into two, one is the time with the Big bang (TA)
and the other is event oriented (TB). Once the force is travelling
with the mass the time is also travelling with the force. So time will be
quantized with force. The first time (with Big bang TA) is fixed
because it starts from the original force and is travelling with the force
which created by the Big bang. So the fixed time is travelling with the
inertial gravitational frame of the universe. Here we can say that the time
starts from the big bang because according to us our universe starts expanding
after the big bang. The second one TB will start when an event
occurred inside the inertial frame of the universe. It is also quantized with
the force and travelling with the force inside the frame. Time can be affected
by all the variations happening to the force. The time which is with the event
oriented by the force can curve according to the strong gravitational fields
creating massive bodies inside the frame. Because the force helps to create the
event will travel with the time and the mass. Even any slight variations
happening to the force during the event will affect the event oriented time
too.
Time
in the inertial gravitational frame is always in the linear motion and the time
with the event oriented can be curved according to the space. The time which we
have in the stationary earths frame is always with the inertial gravitational
frame of the Universe. If a space shuttle moves from the earth the time of the
space shuttle will be event oriented and will curve with the space. This is the
reason for the difference between the time dilation.
Here time T is the linear time in
the inertial gravitational frame. Event X is the event occurring in the frame.
And X time is the time according to the event.
Work
E
= mc2. Here energy is equal to the product of mass and c2. So mass is also
Energy. Now mass is equal to Energy / c2. So we have to find the amount of
Energy stored as mass. If I push my hand to air I am using my force for this
action. That means I am using Energy to
do this action. Here I am acting as the source of Energy. Once I am eating food
I am storing Energy from the food. Food is having mass also. But my biological
wastes does not contain the same amount of mass which I eat the food. So I am
storing some mass from the food Energy. Once I apply a force to do a work this
mass (absorbed energy from the food) is converted as Energy again. So each
applied force will contain some amount of mass or mass can convert as Energy.
That means each amount Energy can create mass if it having sufficient amount of
quanta of energy in it when it produce by the source. If more photons join
together it can produce mass because the amount of quanta of Energy to create
mass will be in the photons and if it joins together as one the stored energy
in the photons can create mass. We also know that a photon can contribute a
small amount of mass when another system absorbs a photon in it.
Once I push a
wall, I am using my energy on it but the energy which I am using on the wall is
not enough to made change on its position. So for an observer there will be no
work will do but according to the source there will be a work done. Because the
source is applied some force on it and some amount of quanta of Energy is
transfer to the wall from the source. Once a source produces some amount of
Energy it will lose also some mass according to the amount of Energy lost. With
the emission of energy the source will decay some mass as energy because if
there is no sufficient energy in the mass, the mass will be unstable. So
according to the losing of energy mass also convert as energy. So if any form of energy even matter or
particle or any form of energy absorbs more energy from a source can add more
mass on the system. So the universe is made up of energy and energy can create
mass. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
Particle Respiration
Each
forms of Energy can always absorb or radiate energy from another source. If I
observe a metal piece kept in the ground. During the day time it absorbs the
energy arriving from the sun as photons and getting heated. The same time it is
radiating the quanta of energy which it is absorbing from the photons as heat
energy because it can’t store more energy in it. So the object starts emit the
exes energy which it gains.
As I told before a
photon can contribute a small amount of mass in that metal piece. But here the
object is at a state of equilibrium with the mass energy combination. The small
amount of mass contributing by a photon will affect this state of equilibrium.
Because the amount of energy which having a photon is not sufficient for the
mass energy combination. It can only add some mass to the system or add some
quanta of energy to the system. So to obtain stability the system will radiate
the absorbed energy. If we heat some water it is absorbing the thermal energy
but later it is radiating the absorbed thermal energy when we take away the hot
water from the heat. So all the forms of energies can absorb or radiate some
amount of quanta of energy according to its surroundings. This property of
energy we can say respiration of particles.
Force Decay
Once energy (source) applies
a force, the force can provide kinetic energy to an object. During the motion
the force will radiate some amount of energy.
This we can call force decay. If the applied force does not absorb an
external force it will decay slowly and loose the energy. And the radiated
energy will remain in the direction of motion and will be act as the part of
inertial frame with its surroundings. So the decayed energy will stay in the
frame and will cause the density increase of the frame.
Once I was binding a copper
wire over an iron road, then I feel a small amount of energy is forming between
the iron road and the copper wire. Here the iron road and the copper coil are
in direct contact, and the copper coil is surrounding on the iron road like a
solenoid and having some angle between the iron road and the copper coil while
when it binds. In between the copper binds there will be some free place on the
Iron road. This place and almost centre of the copper winding wire I felt some
extra ordinary form of Energy.
In the picture the black coloured line is the
iron road and the yellow one is copper coil.
Hence the copper binds
against the iron road are arranging in a uniform mode and will keep a uniform
angle. So here we can say that the series of arrangement of atoms in the copper
wire and the iron road are keeping the same angle. So the electrons surrounding
in the copper binds and the iron road are keeping the same angle. Once those
the atoms of copper binds and the iron road are in direct contact the electrons
in these are also in direct contact. Once they are in direct contact, it will
try to make an atomic bond and it is impossible to create an atomic bond. So
the valence electrons start repelling each other.
As a result of
repulsion of the free electrons the electrons of the copper will gather at centre
of the copper wire and the electrons in the iron will gather at the centre of
the iron road where the free space exists. Then the gathered electrons will
forms like an electron cloud. According to the presence of the more number of
electrons in this particular region will affect a presence of negative charge
on that region. Here we are having so many numbers of copper binds on the iron
road, so we can found the same negative charge on all the regions where copper
wire binds.
But
after a few days I checked the same system I don’t feel the same effect which
get at the stage of starting. I was noticed that the effect of the energy in
this region is gradually decreasing. Here I get concluded that the particles
are gradually losing the energy which they are obtaining from any other source.
Here we can say that the copper and the iron road are energetically equilibrium
at normally. They are stable at normal condition when I took it to do the work.
Once start working on it, they achieve more energy from my work. This energy
gives the electron more force to repel each other. After sometimes they will
gradually lose the gained energy and repulsion between them will decrease. Here
we can conclude that particles will decay or lose energy itself if the
surrounding not allows them to maintain the current stage of equilibrium. Also
we can say that if a particle at equilibrium with its surrounding, it will try
to emit any energy which it absorbs externally.
Dark Energy (Vacuum Energy
Expansion)
In the inertial
gravitational frame, the outer layer of the frame absorbs the vacuum energy and
the inner layer emits the same amount of vacuum energy inner side after the
frame because gravity of the frame is concentrating at the center of mass. The
volume of the outer side of the frame is greater than that of the inner side.
So the outer side of the frame will absorb more vacuum energy and inner side
after the frame has to more energy according to this. This will cause the
increment of density of vacuum energy in the inner side of the frame. Increase
of density of vacuum energy will pull the inner side of the frame much more. It
will cause the acceleration of expansion of the frame.
Dark Matter
Once a source release some amount of energy itself,
the released quanta of energy will gets motion according to the work done by
the source. The work done by the source will determine the force of the motion
of the released quanta of energy. All we know that, the product of applied
force and the displacement will be the work done by the source. If we think the
same thing reversely we can say that the work done by the source will determine
the applicable force and the quanta of energy to be released during the work. So
the work done by the source will give the kinetic energy to the released quanta
of energy. According to me each quantum of energy will hold its own property to
create mass. If some quanta of energy is releasing from any of the source it
will carry mass also with it. We can say photons are mass less but photons can
add mass when a photon is absorbed by a particle.
Like
this if we observe a radioactive reaction we can find more on this. During the
radioactive decay the released energy will carry some mass (associated with the
binding energy of the system) with it. The carrying mass will later absorbed by
any other system and convert as matter. If this reaction happening in the space
(like a long range distances), the released mass will gradually lose its
kinetic energy and fall at rest stage. Because during the motion all of the
objects which at motion will radiate the absorbed kinetic energy gradually. But
in normal condition at earth’s atmosphere it is possible to add the released
mass to any other matter easily. Like this mass (quanta of energy) which lost
the kinetic energy or with the kinetic energy are not sufficient to form as a
particle. Because of the insufficient energy in it, that can’t create a mass
energy equivalence form in it. So it can only add to any other system. It can
show gravitation only.
According to me major part of
the energy in the universe was at this stage before the Big bang. By the
gravity of these matters they join together gradually and add mass each other. I
can say that if more than one matter like this join together it can be form as
matter and show mass to the total system. Here I can say that this is the
situation which causes the formation of the uniform mass which undergoes to big
bang. Once it joins together each other naturally the mass and the total energy
of the system also increase.
If
an object at motion, during the motion it decays gradually as radiation or it
will lose energy gradually even if there is no external force like friction and
gravity are acting on it too. These decayed radiation particles will be rest in
the path of the moving energy. According to its life time of the motion, the
total amount of the kinetic energy will be loose by the moving object slowly as
radiation. Or we can say that the total amount of energy will at motion will
decayed as small parts (Quanta) of energy and will be at rest frame.
States of Matter
We
can take some water. It is a liquid. Now we will start to heat the water. When
the water is getting heated, the particles inside the water molecules are
starting to absorb thermal energy from the heat. We know all the particles are
made up of energy or we can say universe is totally made up of Energy. Here we
can go through with the electrons in the atoms as an example. Once the
electrons gain energy it can’t stay more where they are at the present. So it
starts moving upwards of the orbital and it will affect the stability of the
molecule. Same like the protons and neutrons absorb thermal energy from the
heat. Dew to the energy increment of the particles, the water starts heating
and starts vaporing. Because of the energy increment the on the particles in
the atom the molecules starts to change its liquid state to gas. So here we can
say a particle can accommodate a certain amount of energy (a minimum and a
maximum) in it to maintain stability. Again
we are heating the water; the particles are absorbing energy again. Once the
particles reach to absorb its maximum level of energy it starts to emit the
energy absorbed. This time inside the water will affect two kinds of energies.
One from the heat and the other is which emits the particles. In effect of
these two energies the water starts boiling.
Now we check the vapour.
If we collect the vapour and make it cool. It will be back to the state of
water. Here the particles in the vapour molecules are emitting the exes energy which
it gain from the heat and return as it before. Same like that if we cooled the
water again and again it changes its liquid sate into solid. Once we are
cooling particles are losing the energy and the electrons will move closer to
the orbital and that too the nucleus. By this experiment we can say that
according to its energy, an electron can move upward or down ward to the same
orbital. So probability of finding an electron in an orbital depends upon the
present energy of the electron and the present physical sate of the atom. In
each state of the atoms or molecules electrons can reach at a minimum or maximum
amount of quanta of energy. It can absorb maximum quanta of energy in it and
emit to reach at a minimum amount of energy in it. If it passes its minimum or
maximum quanta of energy the atom will change its state. And it is not only for
the outer orbital electrons. All the electrons in an atom are absorbing and emitting
energy. In all its states there is a constant energy which can keep more
stable. So the particles are always trying to maintain their stability. We can
feel this also from our surroundings. If we kept a peace of iron or metal
outside in a sunny day. The particles of the metals atom receive energy from
the solar energy and heated. When we feel the heat in the metal we can say that
the metal is absorbing the energy. And the night time we can feel as without
heat because the absorbed heat energy will be emitted by the metal.
In this picture the centre is the nucleus of
the atom. The pink region we can say as the orbital and the blue one as the
electron. Here according to the energy stored in the electron, it can move
upward or downward in the orbital. So here we can say each particle will be
stay at different energy levels according to its surroundings. This is
happening in the case of dark energy also. During the decay the stored energy
in the radiation (radiated particles as energy) will be at the minimum amount.
Galaxy Formation
As I said before,
our universe exists with two different types of energies. One we can call as
positive energy and the other as the negative energy. The positive energy
contains all of the ordinary matter and the dark matter. Negative energy we can
say as the entire amount of vacuum energy in the frame of universe. As I
described before the frame of existing universe will be region where the
positive energy exists and the center of the frame where the absorbed vacuum
energy exists. Outside of the frame will be the infinite amount of the vacuum
energy that still has to absorb or occupy the universe.
So as I described in the
article vacuum energy expansion, the outer layer of the positive energy frame
absorbs the vacuum energy when it is expanding to the infinite vacuum. The
surface area of the frame which absorbs is much larger than that of the surface
area of the frame which emits the absorbed vacuum energy to the center of the
frame. The absorbed vacuum will first uniformly fill in the positive energy
region during the process before it will be emitted. So the absorbed vacuums
will allow an increment of density in the frame where the positive energy is
present. Hence the positive energy is the dark matter and the ordinary matter,
the increment of negative energy and the density inside the frame will pull the
positive energy. This increment of density will allow the dark energy to move
each other more closely. So if dark energy will move closer the gravity also
will help them to attract each other.
In this structure the
vacuum energy is always absorbing from the outer surface of the frame and
emitting it to the center of the frame. So at the center will increase the
density and it will pull the frame for an expansion. This expansion will
increase the volume of the total frame and so that it will increase the volume
of the frame where the positive energy is present. This process (the increment
of volume of the frame) will affect the density of the frame. Also it will
affect the rejoining of dark matter or make more slowly, according to the
absorption emission process of the negative vacuum.
Once the dark matter is
attracted together they will add a mass each other, their gravity will increase
and the density of dark matter in the present region will increase. By a slow
process like this the same region can add more matter on it and by the total
mass of the present system will increase. Gradually the region will fill with
more matter and form as a big cloud region where more matter presents.
According to the increment of mass on the region gravity can play a crucial
role on that region. Gravity will allow them to collapse and to form as
galaxies and stars. So anywhere in the space where the positive energy presents
can born a new star or a new galaxy or a new astronomical mass.
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