Does The Kinetic Energy of Photons varies

Abstract 

In this paper I am trying to say that, the laws of universe are same in everywhere and every action. We can explain everything in the same mode. According to me there is no any specialty in black body radiation or photoelectric effect. We can explain them naturally like every action occurring in our surroundings. Nature is giving us the answers if we observe it clearly. We can observe everything as simple even big bang, inflation or any action happening in our surroundings as the same. Everything in the nature is working under the same laws. I am trying to say we can observe inflation in every action where a force is applying. Here I am trying to understand about the force and energy. If we can understand very well, what is happening, when a force is applying to an object? It will give us the answer for everything. For me kinetic energy or potential energy of the object will not change the equilibrium of the system, so it is not mingling with the stored energy in it. I am not adding any new ideas here; I am just explaining what we know. A single photon doesn’t have a rest mass but it can show gravity and it can add a mass to a system. I am trying to state that, gravity is closely related to the frequency of a particle than its mass. For me to explain the quantum gravity we have to bring the planks relation into macroscopic level. If bring it into the macroscopic level we can find the relationship between mass and frequency in macroscopic level. Introduction [1 – 21] Here I am trying to know more about Energy. I think that my observations will give us a clearer image about energy. I am not trying to admit a new concept in current physics; I am trying to make a better explanation for our present concepts about energy with my observations in our surroundings. We are having the very best equations for Energy (E=mc2 and E= hv). Einstein explained us the relation between mass and Energy. And the Planks relation E=hv relates energy with the frequency. To say something about my thoughts on the subject Energy, I would like to go back to the period of Plank and Einstein and find a relation between these two theories. Plank explained us about the Black body radiation and Einstein explained us photoelectric effect. I was curious about these two phenomenons and I was intended to think about blackbody radiation and photoelectric effect [3–16] to reach some conclusions. Blackbody radiation describes about the amount of energy required to form an electromagnetic field (a quantum). Here we can say a photon as a unit particle. So here we can see that the amount of energy required forming a unit particle or a photon and its frequency. Once we go through the photoelectric effect we can see that a photon can eject an electron from an atom, if it has the sufficient frequency. So it is clear that frequency of a photon varies. That means frequency of particles can vary according to the amount of energy stored in it. So here we can say that the minimum amount of energy required (work function) to a photon to eject an electron from an atom. The intensity of the photons has no role in this situation. Here we can say that, if a photon doesn’t have sufficient energy to eject an electron from an atom, it will radiate from the atom at the same time. So the amount of energy stored in a particle is directly related to the frequency. These observations made me think about the particles and the amount of energy stored in it. In blackbody radiation we can see that the amount of energy required to creating an electromagnetic field and in photoelectric effect we can see that the amount of energy required to a photon to eject an electron from an atom. Now we can imagine if the amount of energy is less than this level what will happens. Normally we can say that its frequency will be less. In a blackbody it can’t create an electromagnetic field and in photoelectric effect it can’t eject an electron from an atom. So it is just acting on the object and cannot cause anything seriously. At this stage I am intended to think that if a particle with the amount of stored energy much lesser than that of a photon (may be half or something less than a photon).what will happen if it is like that? Normally we can say that the frequency will be that much lesser. So at this time those particles with lesser energy in it cannot act against anything. It can be act like a transparent object and it can show only gravity according to its frequency. I am trying to explain about this below. According to me if one or more photons are accommodating in a system, it can add some mass to the total system. Like this way these low energy particles can add mass on a system according to the number of the particles in the system. Here I am intended to say that dark matter may be existing as particles like this (that’s why it can contribute mass and gravity to the total energy of the universe). Here we can use the equation E=Һѵ and calculate the energy of the particle. I just have started my new project about quantum gravity with these thoughts and hope to get a good result soon. Now we will think about photons and we know that photon doesn’t show any rest mass even it travels with the speed of light. In light, we can observe photons with different frequencies at same kinetic Energy (velocity). This made me think about kinetic energy. We all knows that Kinetic Energy KE = ½ mv2 , and we can see the presence of mass and velocity of the object. So kinetic energy is the energy (force) which effect on another object (energy). An external force is acting on an object, when it was at inertia or in motion. This equation doesn’t state anything about the mass of the kinetic energy. We also know that if the velocity increase it will increase the mass also because E= mc2 . Now we will see what is happening when an object get a motion by an external force (energy). The energy will increase into E+Ke. So mc2 + ½ mv2 = total energy of the moving object. Here mc 2 is the energy when the object was at rest and ½ mv2 as the kinetic energy. Here to calculate kinetic energy we are using the mass and velocity of the object, and naturally we say that kinetic energy can add a mass to the object. We are unable to know about the mass of the force (energy) which was applied on the object to get its kinetic energy. Here I am intended to say that, Kinetic energy or potential energy will never add a mass to the object (don’t confuse with rest mass and weight). If kinetic or potential energy adds a mass to the object, a photon which moves at a velocity of light must obtain mass and if it has a mass it can’t reach at this velocity (velocity of light). So what is happening or what is kinetic energy? Peoples say a flying photon has mass. In any condition a photon add a mass to it; it will reduce its velocity. If kinetic energy adds a mass on photon, it needs an additional energy to keep the velocity as the same. Does kinetic energy of photons varies? [2 – 21] 

 I am always trying to understand something from my surroundings, when I was thinking about kinetic energy of a moving object and the additional mass to the object by the kinetic energy made me think about momentum. We knows the equation of momentum P= mv. Here also we are using the mass and velocity of the object to calculate the momentum. We also knows that, if velocity or mass increase, it will increase the momentum too. Imagine an object with mass 5kg and velocity 8m/s. We can calculate the momentum of the object as 40 Ns and Kinetic energy as 160 N. Now we can increase the velocity of the object as 10m/s again we can measure the momentum as 50 Ns and kinetic energy as 250 N. Now I am increasing the mass of the object as 10 kg and keep the velocity as 8 m/s. and I calculate the momentum as 80 Ns and kinetic energy as 320 N. By this example I would like to explain the kinetic energy of a photon. So if I increase the mass or velocity it will increase the momentum and kinetic energy. Now we will see what is happening here. An object at a mass and a velocity have its momentum. To change the velocity of the object, I have to increase or decrease the applied force (kinetic energy). If I change the mass and need to keep the same velocity, I have to change the applied force. If I increase the mass and the applied force (kinetic energy) keep as the same as before, the object will have a less velocity than previous and the momentum remains same. So momentum is property of the external force which is acting on the object or momentum will be decided by the applied force. So we know that an applied force (Kinetic Energy) is adding momentum to the object. Here I wish to say, kinetic energy or momentum will not affect the equilibrium of the system and so it will never make any change (except motion) on a physical body [3, 16]. We can see that if we increase mass of the object and keep the kinetic energy as the same, it will decrease the velocity only. So here I would like to say that, the velocity of the moving object is depending with the rest mass of the object and kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is a form of energy which is only accompanying the object and easily removable. These observations revealed me that energy is affecting to an object in two different ways, permanently and temporary (Force). What I mean by a permanent energy is the energy which an object (electron in photo electric effect) can absorb in it and the temporary energy (force) is the form of energy like kinetic energy or potential energy, which is only adding to the object or a system. Here I will show an example and I think it will give us a clear idea about kinetic energy. I just want to stick two wood pieces with a nail. So I hit the nail with a hammer and the nail will penetrate into the woods. Here I am applying a force on the nail; the work is done by me because I give a kinetic energy to the hammer. We are sure that, the work is done and we get the result. Kinetic energy will not rest with the nail after it penetrate into the wood, it is liberating from the nail. Here I already release a force and it is transferred to the nail and I get the result. So the applied force must have to conserve in the nail and its mass have to increase, but it is not happening here. So kinetic energy is adding to the nail temporarily and after that it is releasing from the object. To explain this we can think according to the photoelectric effect or black body radiation. While explaining photoelectric effect [11], Albert Einstein agreed that the energy of a photon is related to its frequency. Here I am taking photoelectric effect as an example to explain my ideas. In photoelectric effect a photon can eject an electron from an object. It depends on the frequency of the photon and even if we increase the intensity of photons, it will not eject electron from an atom if it has no sufficient frequency. If we go through this concept slowly, we can observe some interesting things about energy. As I told above, frequency of the photon is directly related to the amount of stored energy in it. A single photon doesn’t show any mass but it can contribute a mass to other objects if it is absorbed in it. During photo electric effect, when an electron is absorbing a photon, the absorbed photon will add a mass to the electron. We know that photons are moving at the speed of light and have no rest mass. Here we can say that a photon or a moving object have two different energies (stored energy in it and the kinetic energy). This show if a photon has sufficient energy (amount of stored energy in it and kinetic energy), it will absorbed by the electron and ready to move away. The kinetic energy of the photon will add to the electrons kinetic energy and allow the electron to eject from the atom. Here we can see two different actions 1. Energy is acting on energy, 2. Force acting on force [2,3,11]. Energy acting on energy; the electron is absorbing the amount of stored energy in the photon. Force acting on force; kinetic energy of photon is adding to the kinetic energy of electron. Kinetic energy of the photon we can call as the work function. Now I will show an example to clear this point. Imagine an object is moving with a constant velocity, and after a time I am applying a force on it. We can see that the object will accelerate suddenly according to the applied force. It will increase its kinetic energy with the applied force. And we can see that the applied force is acting with the kinetic energy of the object and it is not absorbing by the object. Here we can clearly observe that the force is acting on the force and the increasing kinetic energy according to the applied force. It is the time to think about the kinetic energy of a photon. As I said in an example above, velocity of the moving object is related with the rest mass of the object and its kinetic energy. If we consider a photon, it has no rest mass. We have no doubts that a photon has its own energy in it. So we have to work with the amount of stored energy in it, because mass is also a form of energy. As I said before that “Energy of a photon is directly related to its frequency” [2- 20] and we know the energy of a photon E = hv. We have no doubts that the amount of stored energy in photons varies. Now we can imagine two photons (X and Y) at rest and the amount of stored energy in these two are different. We can say the energy in X is greater than Y. Now we can apply a same amount of force (Kinetic energy) on these two photons. The velocity of these two photons must be different at this time. Here kinetic energy (external force because the photons where at rest) is acting on an object (photon). We know that velocity of a photon V = vλ. Here velocity (kinetic energy) of a photon is the velocity of light “c” is a constant. So this equation also showing us the kinetic energy (the applied force to achieve the velocity) of each photons varies. To keep the constant velocity (if it is related to the frequency which varies on each photons), the kinetic energy must be vary. Here photon is the object and it has no rest mass, so the existence of photon depends upon the amount of energy stored in it at rest. We know that photons have the velocity of light. So if it needs to keep a same velocity, it must have different kinetic energy in each photon. And we can say kinetic energy of each photon varies according to the amount of energy stored in it (frequency). Now we will come back to photo electric effect. Once kinetic energy is adding to the electron, it is acting as the same way (it is only adding with the kinetic energy of electron). Naturally we can have a doubt that, a photon has the velocity of light and the ejected electron doesn’t, even the kinetic energy is same? Here the electron will gain momentum and electron will not get the same velocity as the photon because of the mass difference between photon an electron. Ie; an electron has a rest mass greater than photon (photon don’t have a rest mass). So now here we have to think only with the kinetic energy of the photon which is adding to the electrons kinetic energy. These two process (Absorption of energy of photon and addition of kinetic energy of photon to the kinetic energy of electron) must have happen in the plank time and the effect of the absorption of energy of photon into the electron will be in the inflationary period (to clarify this, I will explain inflation below), because the laws of universe is always same to every actions. Photo electric effect or black body radiation is not showing any specialty to me. These are just an action like other things in the universe. To understand this, we will take some water in a jar and apply a temperature on it. We know the water will boil at 100o c, if we apply a temperature of 90o c on the water, it will never boil. If the temperature is not sufficient to boil the water it can’t do the work what I expect from it. So laws of universe are always same for everything in the universe, even we can apply it with the big bang cosmology (we can explain also Big bang in the same way). I have been taken plank time here for the absorption of energy of photon and addition of kinetic energy of photon to the kinetic energy of electron, because it (the shortness of time to show the effects when a force is applied on an object) is well described in big bang cosmology (an applied force was created the big bang) and I says the laws of universe is same for all motions in the universe. We can observe it in every action (even simple or complicated) occurring in our nature. The second important point of photoelectric effect shows that the energy of emitted electron is not related with the intensity of photons (we can see it directly in the water boiling experiment). Intensity of photon; while photons are hitting continuously to the electron, intensity is the number of photons hitting at the same time. Intensity of photons is not important in photoelectric effect, but according to my observations I can say that, it is directly supporting photo electric effect. According to me its surroundings has an important role on every physical action. If there are no sufficient conditions nothing will happen. Surroundings are creating the sufficient conditions. Now we will go back to the water boiling experiment and if I explain it in the language of photo electric effect, it will be like this way. When we are increasing the temperature the intensity of the applied energy remain as the same and we are increasing only the frequency of the heat energy. It will make the water boil. Now we will come back to photo electric effect, if things are normal an electron can absorb some amount of energy and add some kinetic energy from a photon and rest will absorb, add from another photon, and easily get ejected from the atom. It is not happening here, so time is having an important role on the absorption of energy, as I explained above with the big bang cosmology. If it doesn’t absorb the sufficient energy and add the kinetic energy in a time limit, it will radiate the absorbed energy within not time. So the absorption must be happen in the plank time and the reaction on the inflationary period (example big bang cosmology). Now we will try to know something about inflation. All we know inflation as a cosmological hypothesis regarding the big bang and the expansion of universe. According to me inflation is a phenomenon occurring, when a force acting on an object. We can observe or feel inflation on all kind of motions and the rate of inflation depends upon the amount of applied force.

THE PERFECT MODEL OF EXPANDING UNIVERSE

Here I am writting my observations about our expanding Universe. if it helps anybody I will be glad................

Mass and origin of Mass

                               Energy is the fundamental building blocks of our Universe. Mass is also formed from quanta Energy. We are having the very famous equation m = E/c2. This equation states that total energy of a system is equal to mass and the product of the square of the constant (speed of light). This equation tells us the amount of Energy stored in an object at inertia. Here the constant (c) we can say as energy transformation constant. So if a system is having X amount of energy and Y amount of mass in it then the system will be balanced. Or we can say that, to obtain stability to a system it needs X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass in it. All we know if a system loses any amount of energy it will lose some amount of mass also. So the system keep always X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass together to maintain the stability. Here total energy of the system is mc2 and is equal to X amount of Energy and Y amount of Mass. So the amount of Energy in the mass we can say X amount of Energy and Y amount of mass are equal to mc2. And the equation we can write

X amount of Energy * Y amount of mass = mc2. Because mass is also Energy.

                        Here we are clear about the mass of a body at Inertia. But unfortunately it is not clear in the equation that what amount of Energy transform as mass. According to me everything in the universe is made with Energy. So I will say some amount of quanta of Energy is transforming as mass when any amount of quanta of Energy is formed as an elementary particle. According to me each quantum of energy can create mass. Each quantum of energy can add mass to any physical object when it is absorbed by the physical object. We are having several examples for this. When we are heating water the water molecules absorb thermal energy from the heat and the mass of the hot water varies than that of the previous stage of the same water. Also mass of a moving body will increase according to the Kinetic Energy of the moving body. So it is clear that energy can add mass to a physical object (Matter). And all we knows that the matter are the another form of Energy. Now days we are having the equation which shows us the conserved amount of mass and energy at inertial state only. We have to create an equation to describe the amount of quanta of energy transforming when it is converting as matter (Particle).

Total Energy of a Moving System

                            According to laws of conservation of Energy and momentum for an object at rest the momentum and energy are conserved. Once I was reading the articles about work and kinetic energy I was confused about something. I would like to share this to you. A work is said to be done when an object at rest gets motion and the general equation for work is W = Fd. Here W is work, F is applied force by the Energy source and d is the displacement happening to the object at rest. So the work is done by the energy source. If I throw a ball then I am doing the work and I will be the source of that energy. If there is no external force acting on that body there will no any done on that system. So I will remain as the source of energy and the one who done the work on that system.

                                               Once I am doing a work I am using some energy to do the work or apply some force on the system. The force gives the system a displacement d and the work we can measure as Force * displacement. When I read the article about kinetic energy I noticed that force * displacement is equal to kinetic energy of the system. This made me confused. As all we know that a body at rest or in motion will gain kinetic energy when an external force is acting on it. So we can say a body will obtain kinetic energy when a work does in it by an external energy and the general equation for kinetic energy is ½ mv². According to me kinetic energy is equal to work when it is doing a work. Because if I throw a ball (B1), I was done the work and the ball gets kinetic energy. The work done by me is not equal to the kinetic energy of the ball (B1). If the ball (B1) hits to another ball (B2) and it gets motion. Then the kinetic energy of the ball (B1) will be equal to the work done by the ball (B1). And the kinetic energy of the ball (B2) will not equal to the work done by the ball (B1). But the rest energy will be conserved in the ball (B2).

                              Once I throw the ball (B1) the energy which I use to throw the ball is equal to the work done by me on the ball (B1). But the total amount of energy which I use to throw the ball will not act as kinetic energy because matter (Mass) can absorb or emit energy. So once I apply energy on a mass it will absorb some amount of energy in it or we can say that some amount of energy will be added to the mass. The rest will be act as the objects kinetic energy. So the total energy of the system will be the sum of the energy of the system at rest and the work done by the source. The energy added to the mass will be the difference between the work done by the source and kinetic energy of the system. So once energy is adding to the system its mass will increase because each quantum of energy can add mass on a system.

                              If any external force act on the moving object and its kinetic is decreasing due to that external force, the moving body will lose the added energy in it also. If any other system absorb some amount of energy from the moving system will only reduce the kinetic energy of the moving system. If a system (C) absorbs energy from the moving ball (B1), the system (C) will gain some amount of kinetic energy and some amount of added energy to the mass, from the system (B1). Then the work done by the system (C) will be equal to the sum of the amount of absorbed kinetic energy from the system (B1) and the amount of absorbed energy from the added mass from the system (B1).

If I throw the ball (B1) with mass (m) and it travels at distance (d) with the time (t). Now we will see transformation of energy from me to the ball (B1).

Velocity of the ball (v) = d/t

Momentum of the ball (P) = mv

Applied Force (F) = m (v/t) = ma = P/t

Kinetic Energy of the ball (Ke) = ½ mv² = ½ Pv

Work done by the source (W) = Fd = Pd/t = Pv

According to this statement we can see kinetic energy of the ball (B1) as the half of the work done by the source and work as the product of momentum gain by the ball (B1) and its velocity. So here we can say the relativistic energy of the system will be the sum of the energy of the object at rest and the work done by the source.

E_rel = mc² + W (done by the source)

Gravity

                               Gravity is the quantization of an energy itself to interact with another forms of energy (even massless particles can show gravity). Gravity will create a potential field itself. Due to gravity an object will obtain potential energy. Once an object falls into the gravitational field the stored potential energy of the object by gravity, is converting as Kinetic Energy. Once gravitational field always remains as a self-quantized field of all stored energies in the system, the system of energy must have to maintain its gravitational potential field as the same according to the quanta of energy stored in it. Once a body obtains kinetic energy by the gravitational potential, work done by gravity will convert the kinetic energy as gravitational potential. For example potential energy of an object at 5 meter height and when it is at 2 meter height are different. The difference between these two Potential Energies will be restored into the quantized gravitational potential field. So the quanta of gravitational potential will remain conserved always (according to the amount of energy stored in the system). By this reason the gravitational bonding between two objects remain much weaker. Eg. If a stone fall to earth’s gravitational field from a height and reach to the surface of earth. The kinetic energy which it has when it fall will be restore into the gravitational potential field and the mass will be rest in the surface of earth with conserved energy of the object. So gravity will keep the received mass at the surface of earth and the gravitational potential will restore into the field. So the quantized field always remains constant and the interaction between particles remains weak. The same reason we can say elements which are having low atomic masses are usually staying in the atmosphere.

                              Earth is accelerating a freely falling object at the same acceleration rate but same like the object falls into the earth’s gravitational field will also accelerate according to its gravity. Because the falling objects are also have their own gravitation and a quantized gravitational field. If a small object ( according to the mass of Earth) is falling into the earth’s gravitational field the observer from the earth may not feel the rate of acceleration which adds the gravity of the falling object because the mass of the falling object is so small when the observer compare with the mass of earth. And the rate of acceleration producing the falling object is that much small to measure because gravity of the small object which falls will produce that much small amount of attraction force. If two sufficiently equal masses attracting each other in the space due to gravitational force the rate of acceleration will be g1+g2. The gravitational attraction (acceleration) between two sufficiently equal mass in the space is the best example for the quantized field of gravity.

Inertial gravitational frame of universe

                                  Universe we can say as an inertial gravitational frame.  All the objects in the universe are in a uniform gravitational field. So whatever particles present in the universe are under the influence of a gravitational field which created by the system. All the particles either microscopic or macroscopic are contributing their gravitational force to create an inertial gravitational fielded universe. So all the particles in the universe are gravitationally bound state inside the universe. The Universe is uniformly moving and all the particles inside the Universe are at inertia (inertial motion) if there is no external force acting on it. Like an observer travelling in a bus, the bus is in motion and the observer at inertial motion.

              

Time

                                                  Time we can categories into two, one is the time with the Big bang (T_A) and the other is event oriented (T_B). Once the force is travelling with the mass the time is also travelling with the force. So time will be quantized with force. The first time (with Big bang T_A) is fixed because it starts from the original force and is travelling with the force which created by the Big bang. So the fixed time is travelling with the inertial gravitational frame of the universe. Here we can say that the time starts from the big bang because according to us our universe starts expanding after the big bang. The second one T_B will start when an event occurred inside the inertial frame of the universe. It is also quantized with the force and travelling with the force inside the frame. Time can be affected by all the variations happening to the force. The time which is with the event oriented by the force can curve according to the strong gravitational fields creating massive bodies inside the frame. Because the force helps to create the event will travel with the time and the mass. Even any slight variations happening to the force during the event will affect the event oriented time too.

                                               Time in the inertial gravitational frame is always in the linear motion and the time with the event oriented can be curved according to the space. The time which we have in the stationary earths frame is always with the inertial gravitational frame of the Universe. If a space shuttle moves from the earth the time of the space shuttle will be event oriented and will curve with the space. This is the reason for the difference between the time dilation.

Here time T is the linear time in the inertial gravitational frame. Event X is the event occurring in the frame. And X time is the time according to the event.

Work

                                             E = mc2. Here energy is equal to the product of mass and c2. So mass is also Energy. Now mass is equal to Energy / c2. So we have to find the amount of Energy stored as mass. If I push my hand to air I am using my force for this action.  That means I am using Energy to do this action. Here I am acting as the source of Energy. Once I am eating food I am storing Energy from the food. Food is having mass also. But my biological wastes does not contain the same amount of mass which I eat the food. So I am storing some mass from the food Energy. Once I apply a force to do a work this mass (absorbed energy from the food) is converted as Energy again. So each applied force will contain some amount of mass or mass can convert as Energy. That means each amount Energy can create mass if it having sufficient amount of quanta of energy in it when it produce by the source. If more photons join together it can produce mass because the amount of quanta of Energy to create mass will be in the photons and if it joins together as one the stored energy in the photons can create mass. We also know that a photon can contribute a small amount of mass when another system absorbs a photon in it.

                                Once I push a wall, I am using my energy on it but the energy which I am using on the wall is not enough to made change on its position. So for an observer there will be no work will do but according to the source there will be a work done. Because the source is applied some force on it and some amount of quanta of Energy is transfer to the wall from the source. Once a source produces some amount of Energy it will lose also some mass according to the amount of Energy lost. With the emission of energy the source will decay some mass as energy because if there is no sufficient energy in the mass, the mass will be unstable. So according to the losing of energy mass also convert as energy.  So if any form of energy even matter or particle or any form of energy absorbs more energy from a source can add more mass on the system. So the universe is made up of energy and energy can create mass. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.

Particle Respiration

                                        Each forms of Energy can always absorb or radiate energy from another source. If I observe a metal piece kept in the ground. During the day time it absorbs the energy arriving from the sun as photons and getting heated. The same time it is radiating the quanta of energy which it is absorbing from the photons as heat energy because it can’t store more energy in it. So the object starts emit the exes energy which it gains.

                        As I told before a photon can contribute a small amount of mass in that metal piece. But here the object is at a state of equilibrium with the mass energy combination. The small amount of mass contributing by a photon will affect this state of equilibrium. Because the amount of energy which having a photon is not sufficient for the mass energy combination. It can only add some mass to the system or add some quanta of energy to the system. So to obtain stability the system will radiate the absorbed energy. If we heat some water it is absorbing the thermal energy but later it is radiating the absorbed thermal energy when we take away the hot water from the heat. So all the forms of energies can absorb or radiate some amount of quanta of energy according to its surroundings. This property of energy we can say respiration of particles.

Force Decay

                     Once energy (source) applies a force, the force can provide kinetic energy to an object. During the motion the force will radiate some amount of energy.  This we can call force decay. If the applied force does not absorb an external force it will decay slowly and loose the energy. And the radiated energy will remain in the direction of motion and will be act as the part of inertial frame with its surroundings. So the decayed energy will stay in the frame and will cause the density increase of the frame.

                        Once I was binding a copper wire over an iron road, then I feel a small amount of energy is forming between the iron road and the copper wire. Here the iron road and the copper coil are in direct contact, and the copper coil is surrounding on the iron road like a solenoid and having some angle between the iron road and the copper coil while when it binds. In between the copper binds there will be some free place on the Iron road. This place and almost centre of the copper winding wire I felt some extra ordinary form of Energy.

In the picture the black coloured line is the iron road and the yellow one is copper coil.

                    Hence the copper binds against the iron road are arranging in a uniform mode and will keep a uniform angle. So here we can say that the series of arrangement of atoms in the copper wire and the iron road are keeping the same angle. So the electrons surrounding in the copper binds and the iron road are keeping the same angle. Once those the atoms of copper binds and the iron road are in direct contact the electrons in these are also in direct contact. Once they are in direct contact, it will try to make an atomic bond and it is impossible to create an atomic bond. So the valence electrons start repelling each other.

                              As a result of repulsion of the free electrons the electrons of the copper will gather at centre of the copper wire and the electrons in the iron will gather at the centre of the iron road where the free space exists. Then the gathered electrons will forms like an electron cloud. According to the presence of the more number of electrons in this particular region will affect a presence of negative charge on that region. Here we are having so many numbers of copper binds on the iron road, so we can found the same negative charge on all the regions where copper wire binds.

                                        But after a few days I checked the same system I don’t feel the same effect which get at the stage of starting. I was noticed that the effect of the energy in this region is gradually decreasing. Here I get concluded that the particles are gradually losing the energy which they are obtaining from any other source. Here we can say that the copper and the iron road are energetically equilibrium at normally. They are stable at normal condition when I took it to do the work. Once start working on it, they achieve more energy from my work. This energy gives the electron more force to repel each other. After sometimes they will gradually lose the gained energy and repulsion between them will decrease. Here we can conclude that particles will decay or lose energy itself if the surrounding not allows them to maintain the current stage of equilibrium. Also we can say that if a particle at equilibrium with its surrounding, it will try to emit any energy which it absorbs externally.

Dark Energy (Vacuum Energy Expansion)

                     In the inertial gravitational frame, the outer layer of the frame absorbs the vacuum energy and the inner layer emits the same amount of vacuum energy inner side after the frame because gravity of the frame is concentrating at the center of mass. The volume of the outer side of the frame is greater than that of the inner side. So the outer side of the frame will absorb more vacuum energy and inner side after the frame has to more energy according to this. This will cause the increment of density of vacuum energy in the inner side of the frame. Increase of density of vacuum energy will pull the inner side of the frame much more. It will cause the acceleration of expansion of the frame.

                

Dark Matter

                                    Once a source release some amount of energy itself, the released quanta of energy will gets motion according to the work done by the source. The work done by the source will determine the force of the motion of the released quanta of energy. All we know that, the product of applied force and the displacement will be the work done by the source. If we think the same thing reversely we can say that the work done by the source will determine the applicable force and the quanta of energy to be released during the work. So the work done by the source will give the kinetic energy to the released quanta of energy. According to me each quantum of energy will hold its own property to create mass. If some quanta of energy is releasing from any of the source it will carry mass also with it. We can say photons are mass less but photons can add mass when a photon is absorbed by a particle.

                                            Like this if we observe a radioactive reaction we can find more on this. During the radioactive decay the released energy will carry some mass (associated with the binding energy of the system) with it. The carrying mass will later absorbed by any other system and convert as matter. If this reaction happening in the space (like a long range distances), the released mass will gradually lose its kinetic energy and fall at rest stage. Because during the motion all of the objects which at motion will radiate the absorbed kinetic energy gradually. But in normal condition at earth’s atmosphere it is possible to add the released mass to any other matter easily. Like this mass (quanta of energy) which lost the kinetic energy or with the kinetic energy are not sufficient to form as a particle. Because of the insufficient energy in it, that can’t create a mass energy equivalence form in it. So it can only add to any other system. It can show gravitation only.

                 According to me major part of the energy in the universe was at this stage before the Big bang. By the gravity of these matters they join together gradually and add mass each other. I can say that if more than one matter like this join together it can be form as matter and show mass to the total system. Here I can say that this is the situation which causes the formation of the uniform mass which undergoes to big bang. Once it joins together each other naturally the mass and the total energy of the system also increase.

                                             If an object at motion, during the motion it decays gradually as radiation or it will lose energy gradually even if there is no external force like friction and gravity are acting on it too. These decayed radiation particles will be rest in the path of the moving energy. According to its life time of the motion, the total amount of the kinetic energy will be loose by the moving object slowly as radiation. Or we can say that the total amount of energy will at motion will decayed as small parts (Quanta) of energy and will be at rest frame.

States of Matter

                                           We can take some water. It is a liquid. Now we will start to heat the water. When the water is getting heated, the particles inside the water molecules are starting to absorb thermal energy from the heat. We know all the particles are made up of energy or we can say universe is totally made up of Energy. Here we can go through with the electrons in the atoms as an example. Once the electrons gain energy it can’t stay more where they are at the present. So it starts moving upwards of the orbital and it will affect the stability of the molecule. Same like the protons and neutrons absorb thermal energy from the heat. Dew to the energy increment of the particles, the water starts heating and starts vaporing. Because of the energy increment the on the particles in the atom the molecules starts to change its liquid state to gas. So here we can say a particle can accommodate a certain amount of energy (a minimum and a maximum) in it to maintain stability.  Again we are heating the water; the particles are absorbing energy again. Once the particles reach to absorb its maximum level of energy it starts to emit the energy absorbed. This time inside the water will affect two kinds of energies. One from the heat and the other is which emits the particles. In effect of these two energies the water starts boiling.

                      Now we check the vapour. If we collect the vapour and make it cool. It will be back to the state of water. Here the particles in the vapour molecules are emitting the exes energy which it gain from the heat and return as it before. Same like that if we cooled the water again and again it changes its liquid sate into solid. Once we are cooling particles are losing the energy and the electrons will move closer to the orbital and that too the nucleus. By this experiment we can say that according to its energy, an electron can move upward or down ward to the same orbital. So probability of finding an electron in an orbital depends upon the present energy of the electron and the present physical sate of the atom. In each state of the atoms or molecules electrons can reach at a minimum or maximum amount of quanta of energy. It can absorb maximum quanta of energy in it and emit to reach at a minimum amount of energy in it. If it passes its minimum or maximum quanta of energy the atom will change its state. And it is not only for the outer orbital electrons. All the electrons in an atom are absorbing and emitting energy. In all its states there is a constant energy which can keep more stable. So the particles are always trying to maintain their stability. We can feel this also from our surroundings. If we kept a peace of iron or metal outside in a sunny day. The particles of the metals atom receive energy from the solar energy and heated. When we feel the heat in the metal we can say that the metal is absorbing the energy. And the night time we can feel as without heat because the absorbed heat energy will be emitted by the metal. 

In this picture the centre is the nucleus of the atom. The pink region we can say as the orbital and the blue one as the electron. Here according to the energy stored in the electron, it can move upward or downward in the orbital. So here we can say each particle will be stay at different energy levels according to its surroundings. This is happening in the case of dark energy also. During the decay the stored energy in the radiation (radiated particles as energy) will be at the minimum amount.

Galaxy Formation

                           As I said before, our universe exists with two different types of energies. One we can call as positive energy and the other as the negative energy. The positive energy contains all of the ordinary matter and the dark matter. Negative energy we can say as the entire amount of vacuum energy in the frame of universe. As I described before the frame of existing universe will be region where the positive energy exists and the center of the frame where the absorbed vacuum energy exists. Outside of the frame will be the infinite amount of the vacuum energy that still has to absorb or occupy the universe.

                So as I described in the article vacuum energy expansion, the outer layer of the positive energy frame absorbs the vacuum energy when it is expanding to the infinite vacuum. The surface area of the frame which absorbs is much larger than that of the surface area of the frame which emits the absorbed vacuum energy to the center of the frame. The absorbed vacuum will first uniformly fill in the positive energy region during the process before it will be emitted. So the absorbed vacuums will allow an increment of density in the frame where the positive energy is present. Hence the positive energy is the dark matter and the ordinary matter, the increment of negative energy and the density inside the frame will pull the positive energy. This increment of density will allow the dark energy to move each other more closely. So if dark energy will move closer the gravity also will help them to attract each other.

                        In this structure the vacuum energy is always absorbing from the outer surface of the frame and emitting it to the center of the frame. So at the center will increase the density and it will pull the frame for an expansion. This expansion will increase the volume of the total frame and so that it will increase the volume of the frame where the positive energy is present. This process (the increment of volume of the frame) will affect the density of the frame. Also it will affect the rejoining of dark matter or make more slowly, according to the absorption emission process of the negative vacuum.

                Once the dark matter is attracted together they will add a mass each other, their gravity will increase and the density of dark matter in the present region will increase. By a slow process like this the same region can add more matter on it and by the total mass of the present system will increase. Gradually the region will fill with more matter and form as a big cloud region where more matter presents. According to the increment of mass on the region gravity can play a crucial role on that region. Gravity will allow them to collapse and to form as galaxies and stars. So anywhere in the space where the positive energy presents can born a new star or a new galaxy or a new astronomical mass. 

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ALOYSIUS SEBASTIAN

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